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Synthetic red blood cells develop

The primary function of red blood cells that carries oxygen natural and synthetic red blood cells do very well, keeping 90 percent of its oxygen-binding capacity after a week.

However, synthetic red blood cells are also able to release drugs and controlled effectively and to carry contrast agents are widely released to increase the resolution imaging.

"This ability to create flexible biomimetic carriers for therapeutic agents and diagnostic really opens a whole new range of possibilities in drug delivery and similar applications, "Samir Mitragotri values \u200b\u200bof the University of California at Santa Barbara." We can design synthetic red blood cells to carry additional therapeutic agents, both encapsulated in synthetic red blood cell and on its surface. "

In addition to synthesizing particles that mimic the shape and properties of healthy red blood cells, the technique that researchers have worked also be used to develop particles that mimic the shape and properties of diseased cells.
is expected that the availability of cells synthetic sick leads to a deeper understanding of how affect red blood diseases. Taken
http://www.solociencia.com/medicina/10012105.htm

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A short run is better than a long walk

What is particularly interesting to the results of the new study is that it is based on tracking a same large group of British children who were studied at two different times, two years apart. This and the use of high-tech equipment have yielded more accurate measurements of fat and activity levels achieved before in a study of this type.
Researchers monitored initially at age 12 and then again at 14, more than 4,500 children from a longitudinal study known as ALSPAC. The study is the work of the University of Bristol.
addition to recording physical activity level of participants was also measured their body fat, a type of measurement much more precise than BMI.
The paper suggests that making even small increases in the daily routine of physical exercise can have significant long-term results, provided that the exercise you choose to leave you breathless.

Using the latest techniques, the researchers found that doing at 12 years old 15 minutes of exercises that are at least moderately reduced from 10 to 12 percent body fat in boys and girls when they reached 14 years. The condition is that the activity must be vigorous enough to make snort to the individual. Riddoch
As stated, the new study results are a strong indication that when we wonder why today's children in industrialized nations are more likely than before to become overweight or obese, we must consider what level of physical activity have, instead of automatically blaming their diet as the sole cause.

From: http://www.solociencia.com/medicina

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life forms and domains Antifreeze

By Thomas Unger

constantly see plants growing and moving creatures, whether an ant, a hateful dove or an exotic animal on the Discovery Channel on TV. Sometimes we remember what we were taught in school about the classification of the various forms of life. A process that began with the Greeks and has not yet finished, but that has changed since my time at school. REALMS


Aristotle tried to classify "every." In his treatises "Metaphysics and Logic" divided living organisms into plants and animals. In the animals classified as its reproduction and was the first to use terms such as "kind" and "gender". As new knowledge is acquired, the classification of Aristotle fell into disuse, but the terms were until today.

Taken from the newspaper El Comercio of January 12, 2010, and Future Life section

The classification was complicated in 1676, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek looked through the newly invented microscope and saw "animalículos." The discovery of America brought new animals and plants, so that existing classifications proved inadequate. Only in 1735 the publication of "Systema Naturae" of Linnaeus * established principles that still retains the current standings. Lineo raised the three kingdoms: animal, vegetable and mineral. Within the first two established hierarchies and the use of two names, one scientific and other "trivial", or common use today.

The animal and plant kingdoms of Linnaeus remained until the end of last century, when the discovery of the genetic code took a new approach to the ways of life. The possibility of further evolution through the genetic information led to a reclassification of the life forms according to their evolutionary sequence. New technology showed life in dimensions less than allowing the optical microscope and showed major differences. The result is that the two kingdoms of living things, plants and animals have been replaced by three domains. DOMAINS


The new taxonomy, from the Greek "taxis" (order) and "nomos" (name) - called molecular divides living things into three domains, according to the structure of their cells: Archaea (Archaea) Bacteria (bacteria) and Eucarya (eukaryotes, from the Greek "eu" which means true and "karyon" kernel). Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, cells without nuclei (Greek: before the nucleus), and their DNA is dispersed in the cytoplasm. However, archaea and bacteria are different domains because in 1990, studying their DNA, it was discovered that evolved separately. Eukaryotes, whose cells have the DNA in a nucleus membrane, include all other life forms. Today the classification of living things beginning with the domains.

The domain Archaea (the Greek word for old) comprises the most ancient life forms, prokaryotic cells without nuclei. There are archaea that live in extreme conditions such as hot springs more than 100 degrees. Some metabolize hydrogen and other feed on salt. The domain Bacteria (which in Greek means swab) also includes single-celled organisms without nuclei, are known pathogens that cause infectious diseases such as syphilis, cholera, leprosy, plague, tuberculosis, etc.

However, the pathogens are a fraction of the millions of bacteria that are part of the biomass. In our body there are billions of bacteria, including some necessary for digestion. It is estimated that each gram of soil there are 40 million and a million in each cubic centimeter of fresh water. The total number of bacteria is a figure with 30 zeros. NEW REALMS


The domain of eukaryotes encompasses all life forms whose cells have a nucleus. This domain, ranging from amoebas to whales, is divided into four kingdoms. The Protista, or protocol, containing all organisms whose cells have nuclei, but not animals, plants and fungi. Among them there are certain types of algae, diatoms and small organisms that form the marine plankton.

The following is the kingdom Fungi, or fungi, ranging from yeast to large white-spotted flycatcher, red forest. "Fungi" is Latin for fungi, but their study is called mycology (Greek for "mikes" is fungus). It is estimated that the kingdom of fungi is more than 1.5 million species, of which only 5% is formally classified.

fungi were once considered intermediate between plant and animal kingdoms, but his DNA indicates that they are about a billion years and are prior to their separation. So far share structural and chemical properties with both, but have unique characteristics that differentiate them. Among them is able to change their type of reproduction depending on environmental conditions and be the only organisms that contain structural elements of plants and insects. Fungi thrive in extreme conditions and are strains resistant to ultraviolet radiation, to the deep sea and to cosmic radiation they were exposed in an experiment space.

The third kingdom of eukaryotic cells is the plant, whose botanical study. Almost all plants have in common that feed by photosynthesis, require oxygen (usually in the form of carbon dioxide) and have cellulose. There are about 350,000 identified plant species, of these, 258 000 are reproduced by flowers. This does not include their fossil ancestors, some of whose descendants thrive today with very few variations, such as some ferns and palms. OUR KINGDOM


Within the domain of eukaryotic cells are the Animalia (animals), which includes everything that moves and does not fall into any of the previous kingdoms. This ranges from simple worms to the writing and reading these lines. The mere enumeration of the variety of organisms that includes our kingdom would need another whole page. Suffice it to say that it is estimated between 6 and 10 million the number of species of insect class, superclass hexapod (six feet), subphylum mandible (with jaws), Phylum (Filo) Arthropoda (jointed-legged) animal kingdom, domain Eucarya .

The writer and the reader (we) also belong to the Domain Eucarya and the animal kingdom, but is in the Cordata Blade (with cord: spinal cord), class Mammalia, order Primates, suborder Hominid, etc., To species "Homo sapiens." With the advent of molecular biology and decoding our DNA we know we are close to our cousins \u200b\u200bthe chimpanzees and bonobos. Although we have not found the last common grandfather, we are getting closer.

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1787). The botanist, physician and zoologist Sweden is considered the father of modern taxonomy. Nature divided into three kingdoms and established five ranges for plants and animals, class, order, genus, species and variety.

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New Beetle Found in Alaska

Water expands when it freezes. Anyone who has ever left a soda can or a water bottle in the freezer for too long has been witness to this fact. So how surviving plants and animals to severe temperatures?
Some insects exposed to freezing temperatures can be adapted to survive the extreme climate. A recent study describes an entirely new class of molecule isolated from a beetle antifreeze Alaska tolerant to freezing. The work has been carried out by Kent Walters and colleagues at the University of Notre Dame.

Interestingly, the antifreeze molecule described by the research team is different from the factors previously described in that it is not a protein, but a combination of saccharides and fatty acids, which are other types of biomolecules.
The chemical composition of the substance might prove suitable for commercial production of the compound, it is possible to synthesize quite easily in the laboratory small chains of sugars, making their production cheaper and easier than biologically shaped molecules.

antifreeze molecules are present in many organisms, including fish, insects, plants, fungi and bacteria. The most active antifreeze proteins known and had been described in certain insects that avoid freezing, these proteins allow them to survive temperatures order of 60 degrees Celsius below zero and even colder. However, this is the first documented isolation of an insect antifreeze from a frost-tolerant, ie able to survive freezing.
The potential applications of this new class of antifreeze are abundant. As for cryopreservation, the substance could enhance the survivability of cells and tissues of other organisms under freezing conditions.

taken from:
http://www.amazings.com/ciencia/noticias/080110e.html

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Are There, Too soon be able to detect moons like Pandora, the movie "Avatar" zitterbewegung


Lunas populated by life forms, as in the recent Pandora "Avatar" are science fiction today, but may no longer be earlier than believed. The Kepler space telescope, in orbit since March 2009 has the ability to detect planets the size of Earth to about 500 light years away from us, and that includes large moons around giant planets. Furthermore, as Lisa Kaltenegger astronomer concludes a new study, the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to analyze any moons to be discovered, and to detect life-critical gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor .
"If Pandora existed, we could potentially detect and study its atmosphere in the next decade, "said Lisa Kaltenegger, Center for Astrophysics (CfA), jointly run by Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution.

Until recently, searches for planets in other solar systems have been limited to detecting giant planets Jupiter, of whom several hundred are known. The gas giants, although easy to detect, could not be used to sustain life, at least as we know it. However, a rocky moon orbiting a gas giant located the right distance from its star (which carries a temperature that allows the existence of liquid water) it could be suitable for life.

All giant planets of our solar system have rocky moons that are also rich in water ice in many cases. This suggests that the gas giants in other solar systems probably also possess moons that sort around. Some may have masses comparable to that of the Earth and be able to retain an atmosphere.

The Kepler mission is to find planets, from the direction of observation of the telescope, crossing in front of their stars. This creates a mini-eclipse and attenuates the brightness of the star in a tiny but detectable degree. Such transits last for a few hours and require very precise alignment of the star and the planet along the line of sight of land. The Kepler examined thousands of stars, so you end up finding a significant amount of soles with a transiting planet. Knowing

as a gas giant planet, astronomers can search for moons around it. The gravity of a satellite is able to alter, so subtle, but detectable, the movement of their planet, so it can speed up or slow transit in ways that betray the existence of the moon.
Having found the moon, the next question to be answered is: Do you have an atmosphere? If it has, these gases absorb a fraction of the starlight in transit, leaving a subtle but telltale traces of the atmospheric composition of the satellite.

Kaltenegger, after calculating what conditions are best for examining the atmospheres of moons in other solar systems, has concluded that the system of Alpha Centauri A, the scene in the movie "Avatar" would be an excellent target for search for satellites.
Alpha Centauri A is a nearby bright star, much like our Sun, so it provides a clear and easy to interpret. Kaltenegger few points would be sufficient to detect transits of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in an Earth-like moon, as it is in "Avatar" Pandora satellite. As stated Kaltenegger, if the moon's "Avatar" really existed, the astronomers could detect and study in the very near future by the James Webb Space Telescope.

While Alpha Centauri A is a promising target search of habitable planets or moons, red dwarfs, which are abundant, they are in equal or even greater degree. The orbital floor area (which, by the temperature prevailing in it, allows the existence of liquid water) is closer to the star in the case of a red dwarf, which increases the possibility of a transit.

Astronomers have long debated about the problems that could lead to a planet so close to its star, although the temperature at this distance is acceptable for life. The short distance of a planet to warm red dwarf star would influence their rotation so that it would conform to the translation and the planet always present the same face to the star, as does the moon with Earth. Although a good wind regime could perhaps spread the heat properly from the day side and night, it is obvious that a world with a hemisphere immersed in a perpetual day and the other in perpetual night, for life is more challenging than a world with a sufficient alternating days and nights.

This problem of the planets in orbital floor area of \u200b\u200ba red dwarf not suffer its moons. A moon in such a scenario will always present the same face to their planet, but not the star, and therefore would have a normal alternation of day and night. The existence of atmosphere would also help to moderate temperatures. Plant life may populate virtually all of the moon as it would have on solar energy source accessible from almost anywhere on the surface.

Due to these circumstances, in the orbital floor of a red dwarf moons orbiting gas giant planets are more likely to harbor life that rocky planets or super-Earths, two types of planets have been considered very promising for hosting life.

copying:
http://www.amazings.com/ciencia/noticias/060110d.html

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quantum simulation of an electron using a trapped ion

The zitterbewegung is an ultrafast oscillatory motion of a free electron was predicted by Erwin Schrödinger 1930 after studying the Dirac equation for an electron. Acting without any force, the electron changes its velocity, which contradicts Newton's second law of classical mechanics. Study this phenomenon experimentally and practically impossible to measure this effect is destroyed. Everyone believes that it is valid as well as the simulations show (Classical) computer. A new experiment Gerritsma et al. published in Nature has done a quantum simulation of such phenomena (studied a zitterbewegung analogous to a quantum system). This could not have used an ion (atomic calcium 40Ca +) trapped in an electromagnetic cavity (called a trap of Paul) which simulates a free particle Dirac (electron) and showed an oscillatory motion faster than interpreted as analog zitterbewegung a electron. The quantum simulation of quantum systems required to faithfully reproduce the Hamiltonian (the mathematical entity that represents the dynamic properties of the system) system quantum simulation. Gerritsma et al. We used two internal energy states of the ion to represent the states of positive and negative energy of a relativistic free electron, and the position and momentum of trapped ions to simulate the position and momentum of the free electron. By irradiation with laser light has been made that the ion moves in a way that simulates the Hamiltonian one-dimensional electron Dirac equation. By varying the laser intensity and frequency, Gerritsma et al. have managed to change the effective mass Dirac particle simulated the speed of light "effective" in the Dirac equation (which is important to model the amplitude zitterbewegung oscillations). In this way have been able to control this phenomenon by making it appear and disappear at convenience. Furthermore, they have shown that both non-relativistic limit (a very large effective mass) and in the ultrarelativistic (a very small effective mass) the zitterbewegung disappears, while the regime meets the observed phenomenon with theoretical expectations.
Dirac equation for the electron made several predictions that have been confirmed experimentally, the most dramatic prediction of antimatter (the anti-electron or positron), although other predictions have not been able to verify, as the paradox Klein or Schrödinger zitterbewegung. The origin of this latter phenomenon is the quantum interference between electron states with positive and negative energy. A free electron, not subject to any force, suffers from this phenomenon that changes its speed, contradict Newton's second law of classical mechanics. The simulation of Gerritsma et al. beautifully shows an example of the most important application of quantum computers (universal), to simulate other quantum systems. In this sense, his article is an important advance in research in quantum information systems.

For a free electron, the Dirac equation zitterbewegung effect predicts an amplitude of the order of the Compton length, RZB ≈ 10-12 m, and a frequency of 1021 Hz ≈ ωZB therefore escapes the effect of any direct measurement. The figure that opens this post shows the results obtained in the quantum simulation. The continuous curves are the results of computer simulations and numerical symbols represent data obtained by the experimental quantum simulation. The straight line (red squares) represents a massless particle (Ω = 0) moving at the speed of light "effective" (c = 2η Δ Δ = 0.052 ms-1). The other curves show increasing mass particles whose Compton wavelength is given by λC ≡ η Δ 2 / Δ Ω = 5.4 (triangles down), 2.5 Δ (diamonds), 1.2 Δ (circles) and 0.6 Δ (triangles into above), respectively. The figure clearly shows the zitterbewegung in the relativistic limit and how it disappears in the nonrelativistic limit. The figure below shows the results of numerical simulations for the wave functions (biespinor) representing the positive energy (spinor in blue) and the negative energy (red spinor) whose interference gives rise to zitterbewegung. This phenomenon requires both spinor wave function ψ (x) 2 are in phase, but the phenomenon is reduced until it vanishes when both parties are propagated in opposite directions.

From:
http://francisthemulenews.wordpress.com/2010/01/07/publicado-en-nature-simulacion-cuantica-del-zitterbewegung-de-un-electron-utilizando-un-ion-atrapado/

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Our skin is a botanical garden

soap, then rinse. Again and again, whenever you want. Skin feeling clean and fragrant. Go forward! Our skin is home to the legions of live microorganisms as happy (if it fits the term), despite our efforts. Decades ago, scientists found that diversity of bacteria swarmed on human skin. In 2009, however, the researchers brought a huge surprise, are many more species than previously thought. Studies at the National Human Genome Research in Bethesda, Virginia, USA, revealed the fertile field for a wide variety of bugs are (invisible to the naked eye but monsters under the microscope). The results were published in the journal "Science" ("temporal and topographic diversity of human skin microbiome"). Indicates that there are hundreds of different species. Bacterial communities richest and most diverse found in the forearms. In this part of the body was found, on average, 44 different species and variety is linked to the amount of hair. Thus, hairy forearms are an unmistakable sign of a jungle populated by many more species of microscopic creatures. The smaller variety was found behind our ears (19 species). Researchers now say, for example, that despite the short distance "geographic" between the armpits and hairy forearms, more soft and dry, there are two "ecological niches" completely different, as well as the Amazon and the deserts of Sahara. So, not counting the many beneficial bacteria that live in our interior, as we walk through the world an invisible layer of bugs. The study, by crazy as it sounds, the basis for "examining the role of bacterial communities in microbial disease and interdependence required to maintain healthy skin."

Supplement "The Sunday" the newspaper El Comercio on Sunday, January 2, 2010